Ka ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea boemo ba tsoelo-pele ea sechaba, theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea dyestuff le eona e lula e ntlafala, 'me indasteri ea dyestuff ea lefats'e ka kakaretso e bonts'a mokhoa o holimo.Ho latela tlaleho ea lipatlisiso tsa indasteri e lokollotsoeng ke Beijing Yanjing Bizhi Information Consulting, boholo ba mmaraka oa indasteri ea dyestuff lefatšeng ka bophara ka 2021 bo tla fihla E lebelletsoe ho feta li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 275 ka 2025, mme monyetla oa kholo ea mmaraka o moholo.
Ntle le moo, Pampatwar e bona 'maraka oa lefats'e oa li-pigments ka $ 22.01 bilione ka 2021 mme e lebelletsoe ho hola ho CAGR ea 5.38% ho isa ho $35.28 bilione nakong ea kemiso ea 2022-2030, o tlaleha hore boholo ba mmaraka oa lefats'e oa li-pigments ka 2021. e tla ba $ 229.1 bilione, e hola ho CAGR ea 5.8% ho fihla ho $ 35.13 bilione nakong ea kemiso ea 2022-2030.
Pampatwar ea VMR e tlaleha hore indasteri ea mebala, haholo-holo li-pigments, e eketsehile haholo ka tsoelo-pele ea li-inks 'me e tla hola ka sekhahla se phahameng, "leha ho le joalo boholo ba mmaraka oa li-pigment tsa organic, inorganic le specialty pigments bo fapana ho latela ts'ebeliso le bareki ba fapaneng. Likhetho li fapana, "Pampatwar oa eketsa, "Bongata ba mebala ea tlhaho e sebelisoang ka enke ke li-pigment tsa azo (azo, monoazo, hydroxybenzimidazole, azo condensation), li-pigment tse nang le pula (li-precipitates tsa motheo le tsa asiti) le mebala ea phthalocyanine, e fumanehang ka mefuta e fapaneng. ea li-shades tse tloaelehileng, ho kenyelletsa le li-pigments tse putsoa le tse tala.Li-pigments li etsa karolo ea 50% ea metsoako eohle e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho etsa enke, ho sebelisa mebala ea boemo ba pele ho etsa li-inks tse ruileng, tse khanyang le tse tšepahalang li bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea nako e telele kaha li-inks tsena li ka fetola chebahalo ea ntho leha e le efe.
Khokahano e bile ntlha ea bohlokoa indastering ea li-pigments, ka likhokahano tse peli tse kholo indastering lilemong tsa morao tjena, ha DIC Corporation le Sun Chemical ba fumana BASF Pigments le Heubach ba fumana karolo ea Clariant's pigments.
"Ho fumana le ho kopanya lipakeng tsa libapali tse nyane le tse kholo tsa pigment li hlahile lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng," ho boletse Suzana Rupcic, hlooho ea karolo ea lefats'e ea tsamaiso ea li-inks ea Sun Chemical, lisebelisoa tsa mebala."Ho tloha ha COVID-19 e qala lefats'e, 'maraka oa mebala o bile le mathata a mangata a tšoanang le a liindasteri tse ling lilemong tse' maloa tse fetileng, ho kenyelletsa le liphetoho tse sa lebelloang tsa tlhokahalo, tšitiso ea phepelo ea thepa le ho phahama ha theko ea lichelete ho tloha selemong sena."
Kamora ho hlaphoheloa butle ho tloha seoa sena, 'maraka oa li-pigments o ntse o sebetsa tlasa khatello ea litšenyehelo, e amang ketane eohle ea boleng ba khatiso, Rupcic o hlokometse."Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotellehe mathata a morao-rao, botsitso bo akaretsang ba phepelo ea lihlahisoa tse tala bo ka bonoa," Rupcic a phaella.Ha re bua joalo, re lebelletse hore 'maraka oa lefats'e oa li-pigments o hole bonyane ka sekhahla sa GDP.
Ha e le limmaraka tsa kholo, ho paka e ntse e le sebaka se khanyang bakeng sa indasteri ea enke."Mmaraka oa liphutheloana o ntse o tsoela pele ho ba sebaka sa kholo e tsoelang pele bakeng sa Heubach 'me e ntse e le sebaka sa bokamoso ba k'hamphani ea rona," ho boletse Mike Rester, mookameli oa karolo ea 'maraka oa khatiso ho Heubach Group.
Rupcic o itse: "'Maraka o hloka lihlahisoa tse tsitsitseng haholoanyane, haholo-holo sebakeng sa khatiso sa liphutheloana,' me tlhokomeliso ea bareki ea ho tšoarella e eketsehile 'me e entse hore baetsi ba enke ba finyelle litlhoko tsena."Baetsi ba enke ba ntse ba shebana le ho feta ho boloka li-inks tsa Packaging bakeng sa ho paka, hammoho le li-inks tse lumellanang le litlhoko tsa taolo bakeng sa lintho tse fokolang tse nkhang hamonate le tsa ho falla, re boetse re bona thahasello e eketsehileng ea li-pigments bakeng sa khatiso ea inkjet ea digital.
Sehlopha sa Fujifilm Ink Solutions se fana ka li-inkjet ho li-OEM le li-dispersions tsa pigment ho baetsi ba enke ba bang, ho hlokometse Rachel Li, Mookameli oa Khoebo, Fujifilm Ink Solutions Group.Litlhoko tsa ho hasana ha Pigment ea Enke.
"Inkjet ka ho khetheha e loketse hantle boemo ba 'maraka o sa tsitsang le litlhoko tse fetohang tsa tlhahiso ea khatiso: lichelete tse fokolang tse theko e tlaase, litšila tse fokotsang ho fokotsa litšenyehelo, bohareng ba tlhahiso ea khatiso ea sebakeng sa heno ho fokotsa likotsi tsa thepa le ho khutsufatsa linako tsa ho etella pele, JIT ( Feela. ka nako) ho etsa thepa, ho iketsetsa thepa ka ho iketsetsa batho ka bongata, tlhahiso e tsitsitseng ka litšila le phokotso ea matla, le katleho ea phepelo ea thepa," Li o itse.
"Chemistri ea enke ke e 'ngoe ea lintlha tse etsang hore inkjet e loketse lits'ebetso tse ncha,' me theknoloji ea ho hasana ha pigment ke karolo ea mantlha ea tlhahiso ea enke," Lee a eketsa, "Re lumela hore tlhoko ea inkjet e tla tsoela pele ho eketseha, 'me Fujifilm e ikemiselitse ho fana ka theknoloji ho tsamaisa kholo ena.
Ka li-pigment tse khethehileng, Darren Bianchi, mopresidente oa Brilliant Color, o tlalehile hore tlhokahalo ea mebala ea fluorescent e tsitsitse, a phaella ka hore ho na le mokhoa o matla oa mebala e khanyang, e tsotehang haholoanyane ea ho paka, 'me mebala ea fluorescent e le bethe e ntle ka ho fetisisa.
"Ho ntse ho e-na le litaba tsa phepelo ea thepa halofong ea pele ea selemo, empa leano la rona la ho boloka thepa le re lumella ho fihlela tlhoko ea bareki," Bianchi a eketsa."Re atlehile ho sebetsana le ho hloka botsitso 'marakeng oa mebala ea fluorescent,' me ho sa ntse ho tla bonahala hore na ho phomotsoa ha leano le tiileng la "zero COVID" la China ho tla lebisa ho qaleng ha litaba tsa phepelo ea thepa e tala.
"Li-pigment tsa phello ke sesupo sa indasteri ea khatiso le moruo o pharalletseng ha re ntse re bona ho feto-fetoha ha tlhokahalo, likhatello tse ntseng li eketseha tsa taolo le tikoloho, litaba tsa phepelo ea thepa, mathata a basebetsi le litšenyehelo tse ntseng li phahama," ho boletse Neil Hersh, motsamaisi oa tsa mebaraka le lits'ebeletso tsa tekheniki ho Eckart. Mokhatlo oa Amerika."Phepelo ea li-pigment tsa phello e tsitsitse hantle, ha likhatello tsa litšenyehelo li ntse li tsoela pele.
Carlos Hernandez, molaoli oa papatso oa Orion Engineered Carbons Americas bakeng sa lintja le lisebelisoa tsa khatiso, o tlaleha hore tlhoko ea carbon black e eketsehile butle-butle lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng hoo e batlang e le lits'ebetsong tsohle tse khethehileng le tsa rabara."Ka kakaretso, re bona kholo ea manyolo ka har'a liphutheloana tsa metsi," ho boletse Hernandez."Re boetse re bona bokhoni bo khahlisang 'marakeng oa inkjet, moo re etellang pele, re fana ka thepa e ikhethang le ts'ebetso e ntle haholo ho khase e ntšo.Re rekisa limaraka tsa rona tsa FANIPEX le lihlahisoa tse ling ka ho khetheha bakeng sa 'maraka ona ho thusa baetsi ba enke Ho Ikamahanya le melao e hlokahalang ea indasteri.
Ho ea ka Phillip Myles oa Colorscapes, indasteri ea mebala e bile le litšitiso tse ngata tsa phepelo lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng."Nako ea COVID e fetotse matla a tšebeliso," Myers a tsoela pele.“Khaello ea lik’hontheinara e lebisang keketsehong e matla ea litšenyehelo tsa likepe, e lateloang ke keketseho e matla ea litšenyehelo tsa lik’hemik’hale Asia, ho kopanyelletsa le litheko tse phahameng tsa oli, tseo kaofela ha tsona li phahamisitseng litheko tsa pigment.Hona joale, karolong ea bobeli ea 2022, re bona khalemelo e bohale e nang le tlhokahalo e fokolang le ho fumaneha hantle, Ka lebaka leo, litšenyehelo tsa lipalangoang le tsa lik'hemik'hale tse tsoang Asia li oele haholo ka tšohanyetso.Ha tlhoko e fokolang ea li-pigment e lebelletsoe ho tsoela pele ho fihlela 2023, litheko tse bonolo li tla tsoela pele.
'Maraka oa pigment o entse hantle lilemong tse' maloa tse fetileng, ho boletse Tim Polgar, mookameli oa thekiso oa Liberty Specialty Chemicals Inc. "Re bile le kholo e ntle ka kakaretso limmarakeng tsa enke tse thehiloeng metsing le tse thehiloeng ho solvent," Polgar o hlokometse."Phepelo le litheko halofong ea pele ea 2020 li ipakile li tsitsitse.Halofo ea bobeli ea 2020 e bile phephetso ka lebaka la litheko tse phahameng tsa li-intermediate tsa mantlha, lisebelisoa tse tala, liphutheloana le thepa.
"2021 ke phephetso e kholo ka COVID e ama likhoebo tsohle lefatšeng ka bophara," Polgar a eketsa."Bareki ba tšoenyehile ka ho fumana li-pigments tse lekaneng ho kopana le lifela tsa bona le bareki ba bona, litheko li ntse li nyoloha, litšenyehelo tsa lijana le litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaisa thepa ke ntho e nyarosang.Joale, bareki ba etsa eng?Ba beha litaelo ka holimo ho tloaelehileng ho etsa bonnete ba hore ba na le li-pigments tse lekaneng e le hore ba ka finyella likōpo tsa bareki.Kahoo selemo sena ke selemo se matla sa thekiso.2022 e iponahatsa e le selemo sa khoebo hanyenyane kaha bareki ba ile ba tlameha ho fokotseha ka 2021 ka lebaka la ho reka lintho tse ngata ho feta tekano.Re nahana hore litheko li tla tsitsa ka 2023, empa hape re bona matšoao a litheko tse holimo ho ea pele.
Pravin Chaudhary oa Pidilite o itse: "Ha lithibelo tsa COVID li qala ho kokobela le 'maraka oa mebala o qala, indasteri e bile le kholo e ntle haholo ka FY22."Ka bomalimabe, ts'ebetso ena ha ea ka ea fetisetsoa selemong sena.Lintho tse kang ho sitisoa ha naha, ho phahama ha theko e phahameng le ho tiisa leano la lichelete ke mebuso e mengata li ne li imetsoe ke maikutlo a bareki.Li-pigments tse hlokomelang lipente, li-inks le karolo ea polasetiki li ile tsa bona moea o matla ho pholletsa le liindasteri tsohle.Le hoja re nahana hore nako e khutšoanyane e shebahala e le thata, nako e telele e lula e le ntle.Khokahano ea selemo se fetileng e phatlalatsa sebapali se secha se fanang ka mefuta e meng e sebetsang ho bareki ba lefats'e.
Menyetla bakeng sa indasteri
(1) Phetisetso e sa khaotseng ea indasteri ea lefats'e ea organic pigment
Ka lebaka la litlhoko tse tiileng tsa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho le litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa matsete le ts'ebetso, lik'hamphani tse hlahisang pigment linaheng tse tsoetseng pele tsa Europe le United States li ntse li tsoela pele ho fetisetsa bokhoni ba tlhahiso Asia, ho theha likhoebo tse kopanetsoeng Chaena, India le linaheng tse ling, kapa ho etsa mefuta e fapaneng tšebelisano-'moho le lik'hamphani tsa lehae tsa tlhahiso.Ka nako e ts'oanang, ka ho matlafala ha tlholisano 'marakeng oa machaba oa organic pigment, haholo-holo' maraka oa setso sa azo pigment, phetisetso ea indasteri ea pigment ea lefats'e e tla tsoela pele nakong e tlang.Boemong bona, likhoebo tsa naha ea heso tse etsang li-organic pigment li tobane le menyetla e meholo ea nts'etsopele:
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, naha ea heso ke setsi sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng sa tlhahiso le mmaraka oa bareki bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale, 'me phetisetso ea bokhoni ba machaba ba tlhahiso e tla thusa naha ea heso hore e tsoele pele ho matlafatsa boemo ba eona ba ho ba mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa mebala ea tlhaho.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka likhoebo tse kopaneng le tšebelisano 'moho le baetsi ba li-organic pigment ba lefats'e, likhoebo tse hlahelletseng tsa lapeng li ka ntlafatsa kapele boemo ba tsona ba tekheniki le bokhoni ba taolo, mme li lebelletsoe ho nka monyetla oa melemo ea lehae ho nka maemo a etelletseng pele likhoebong tse kopaneng le tšebelisanong, e thusa ho kenya ts'ebetsong leano la machaba ho tsoelapele ho ntlafatsa tlholisano ea mantlha.
(2) Tšehetso ea leano la naha la indasteri
Li-pigments tsa tlhaho li sebelisoa haholo mafapheng a fapaneng a kang li-inks, li-coatings le li-plastiki, 'me li amana haufi-ufi le bophelo ba batho.Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ka tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea indasteri ea enke, pente le polasetiki ea naha ea heso, boemo ba indasteri ea pigment ea manyolo moruong oa naha bo 'nile ba ntlafatsoa ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele.
"Industrial Structure Adjustment Guidance Catalog (2019 Version)" (e ntlafalitsoeng ka 2019) e phatlalalitsoeng ke National Development and Reform Commission e tla "mela li-pigments tse nang le mebala e phahameng e potlakileng, e sebetsang, li-amine tse nkhang hamonate, tse se nang tšepe tse boima, li hasanngoa habonolo le tsa pele. coloring” “, “Ho hloekisa lidae, li-pigments le li-intermediates tsa tsona, ntshetsopele le ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a macha a bolokehileng” li kenyelelitsoe mererong e khothaletsoang ea matsete, e supang tataiso ea phetoho ea sebopeho sa indasteri, ntlafatso le ntlafatso bakeng sa pigment ea lapeng. indasteri.Ho ea ka "Mehato ea Tsamaiso ea Khethollo ea Likhoebo tsa Theknoloji e Phahameng" le "Mabaka a Theknoloji e Phahameng a Tšehetsoeng ke Naha" e fanoeng ke Lekala la Saense le Theknoloji, Lekala la Lichelete, le Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Lekhetho, "tšireletseho e ncha. le li-pigment le lidae tse baballang tikoloho” li kenyelelitsoe mafapheng a theknoloji e phahameng a tšehetsoeng ke ’muso.Ka mor'a ho phatlalatsoa ha pholisi, li-pigments tse ncha tse bolokehileng le tse se nang tikoloho le lidae li fumane tšehetso ea leano, e leng se loketseng ho khothalletsa nts'etsopele ea tlhahiso ea mebala le lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa ka tsela e bolokehileng le e se nang botsoalle.
(3) Tloaelo ea Khōlo ea Lipigment tsa Organic tse Baballang Tikoloho
Litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha tsa tšebeliso ea mebala ke mebuso ea linaha tse fapa-fapaneng li tla thibela ho sebelisoa ha dae le mebala ea lintho tse chefo le tse kotsi, ka hona ho fana ka sebaka se pharaletseng bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mebala ea tlhaho.Khale koana ka 1994, sehlopha sa bobeli sa melaoana ea lihlahisoa tsa bareki e phatlalalitsoeng ke 'muso oa Jeremane e ile ea hlakisa hore li-pigments tse 20 tse entsoeng ka li-amine tse nkhang hamonate li ne li thibetsoe ka mebala;ka September 11, 2002, Komisi ea Europe e ile ea fana ka Directive No. 61 ka 2002, Thibela tšebeliso ea li-azo pigments tse tla senyeha tlas'a maemo a fokolang ho hlahisa li-amine tse nkhang hamonate tsa 22;Ka la 6 Pherekhong 2003, Khomishene ea Europe e ile ea boela ea bolela hore tšebeliso le thekiso ea azo pigments e nang le chromium mebarakeng ea masela, liaparo le lihlahisoa tsa letlalo ea EU.Melaoana ea REACH, e kentsoeng tšebetsong ka molao ka 2007, e nkile sebaka sa litaelo le melaoana e fetang 40 ea EU mabapi le lik'hemik'hale.E 'ngoe ea tse tsepamisisang maikutlo taolong ea eona ke lidae, li-pigment tsa organic, li-additives, li-intermediate le lihlahisoa tsa tsona tse tlase, joalo ka lintho tsa ho bapala, masela, joalo-joalo.
Mafapha a amehang naheng ea rona a phatlalalitse ka ho latellana melao le maemo a indasteri ho thibela tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa tse nang le chefo le lintho tse kotsi.Ka la 1 Pherekhong 2002, Tsamaiso e Akaretsang ea Tlhokomelo ea Boleng, Tlhahlobo le Karantine e phatlalalitse le ho kenya tšebetsong "Meeli ea Lintho Tse Kotsi Linthong Tsa Mokhabiso oa ka Hare";ka 2010, Tsamaiso e Akaretsang ea Tlhokomelo ea Boleng, Tlhahlobo le Karabelo le Komiti ea Naha ea Tsamaiso ea Maemo e phatlalalitse le ho kenya ts'ebetsong "Meeli ea Lintho Tse Kotsi ka Liaparo tsa Toy";Ka la 1 Phuptjane 2010, Tsamaiso e Akaretsang ea Tlhokomelo ea Boleng, Tlhahlobo le Karabelo e phatlalalitse le ho kenya tšebetsong "Meeli ea Lintho Tse Kotsi ka Liaparong tsa Likoloi";ka October 2016, Komisi ea Sechaba ea Bophelo bo Botle le Thero ea Malapa e ile ea fana ka GB9685-2016 "National Food Safety Standard Food Contact Materials le Products Standards bakeng sa tšebeliso ea li-additives, joalo-joalo. Melao ena kapa litekanyetso tsa indasteri li fokotsa ka ho hlaka litaba tsa lintho tse kotsi tse kang loto le hexavalent chromium.Le hoja lithibelo tsa naha ea heso mabapi le tšebeliso ea mebala e nang le chromium li ntse li theohile ho feta linaha tse tsoetseng pele, ka tsoelo-pele ea moruo, litekanyetso tse amehang tsa naha ea heso li tla tlameha ho ntlafatsoa hape le ho kopana linaheng tse tsoetseng pele.Ka hona, 'maraka o nkeloang sebaka ke li-pigment tse sa silafatsang tikoloho li tla ba ngata le ho feta.
Ho fumaneha ha lintho tse tala
Ha e le lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa li-pigments, Pampatwar e tlaleha hore 'maraka oa lihlahisoa tse tala o ne o sa lebelloa lilemong tsa morao tjena.
"Lintho tse 'maloa tsa mantlha li ntse li thatafalloa ho fumana ka lebaka la phepelo e sa lekaneng le litheko tse ntseng li phahama," Pampatwar a eketsa.“Bahlahisi ba enke, hammoho le liindasteri tsa petrochemical le oleochemical, li na le ho se tsitse ha litheko ka lebaka la ho fetoha ha mekhoa ea ho fumana thepa e tala le tšusumetso e ntseng e hola ea China ho phepelo ea indasteri ea khatiso.
O ile a eketsa a re: "Liketsahalo tse ngata tse neng li sa lebelloa 'marakeng li bile li thibela phepelo le ho mpefatsa boemo bo seng bo ntse bo le kotsi.“Ha litheko li ntse li phahama ’me thepa e ntse e haella, bahlahisi ba li-inke tse hatisang le lirafshoa ba ntse ba angoa haholo ke thepa le phello ea tlhōlisano e matla ea lisebelisoa.Ka 2022, leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona oa ntlafala.
Barekisi ba pigment le bona ba tlaleha hore thepa e tala e ntse e le taba.Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, indasteri e bile le khaello e neng e e-so ka e e-ba teng le ho lieha ho hongata ho fumana lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tse hlokahalang ho hlahisa li-pigments, Rester o itse.
"Le ha maemo a phepelo ea lefats'e ka kakaretso a ntlafetse ka 2022, liphephetso tse ling li ntse li le teng, 'me re tla tsoelapele ho batla ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bareki ba rona," Rester a eketsa."Litšenyehelo tsa motlakase Europe li ntse li mpefala haholo 'me ke taba e ntseng e tsoela pele ho fihlela 2023.
"Limaraka tse ling tse ikhethang li fumaneha ka thata, empa ho Orion Engineered Carbons, re ntse re ntlafatsa boemo ba rona ba phepelo ka ho sebelisa chelete e ngata le ho arabela 'marakeng hantle," ho boletse Hernandez.
"Ho fumana lik'hemik'hale le liketane tsa phepelo li bile thata haholo lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng ka lebaka la likhaello tsa bokhoni le tieho ea thepa," Li o hlokometse."Sena se entse hore ho be le mathata a ho fumaneha le ho eketseha ho matla ha litheko.Tse ling tsa lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa tse amehang ke li-pigment, solvents, photoinitiators le resin.Le hoja boemo bo tlalehoa hore bo ntse bo fokotseha, re bona ntlafatso ea phepelo ea Asia Pacific, Empa boemo ka kakaretso bo ntse bo le bobebe. likhatello tsa inflation.
JIN DUN CHEMICALe hahile setsi se khethehileng (meth) sa tlhahiso ea acrylic monomer profinseng ea ZHEJIANG.Sena se etsa bonnete ba hore phepelo e tsitsitseng ea HEMA, HPMA, HEA, HPA, GMA e nang le boleng bo phahameng.Li-acrylate monomers tsa rona tse khethehileng li sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa li-resin tsa thermosetting acrylic, li-polymers tsa crosslinkable emulsion, sekhomaretsi sa acrylate anaerobic, sekhomaretsi sa likarolo tse peli tsa acrylate, sekhomaretsi sa solvent acrylate, sekhomaretsi sa emulsion acrylate, sekhomaretsi sa ho qeta pampiri le ho penta li-resin tse ncha tsa acrylic. le khethehileng (meth) acrylic monomers le derivatives.Joalo ka li-acrylate monomers tse nang le fluorinated, E ka sebelisoa haholo ho li-coating agent, lipente, li-inks, li-resin tse hlakileng, lisebelisoa tsa optical, kalafo ea fiber, modifier bakeng sa lebala la polasetiki kapa la rabara.Re ikemiselitse ho ba mofani oa thepa ea ka holimo lefapheng lali-monomers tse khethehileng tsa acrylate, ho arolelana phihlelo ea rona e ruileng ka lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo botle le tšebeletso ea litsebi.
Nako ea poso: May-17-2023